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Immunol. 16:27-55. org by HINARI on 08/31/07. For personal use only. 40 14:7 QC: NBL Annual Reviews AR052-02 AREND ET AL ng/ml observed at 3–6 h (107–109). The maximal plasma levels of IL-1Ra were ≈100-fold greater than those of IL-1β (108). Infusion of hydrocortisone 6–144 h prior to an injection of endotoxin in normal volunteers led to enhanced IL-1Ra levels over those seen with endotoxin alone, whereas a decrease in IL1Ra levels was observed with the simultaneous administration of both agents (109).

Rev. Immunol. 16:27-55. org by HINARI on 08/31/07. For personal use only. Role of Endogenous IL-1Ra in Host Defense Studies on the presence of IL-1Ra in animal models of disease and in human diseases have been summarized in earlier reviews (5, 7). Additional publications over the past few years have indicated that although IL-1Ra is produced locally in tissues during active disease and can be measured systemically, the local balance of net biologic function remains in favor of the agonists IL-1α and IL-1β.

Acad. Sci. USA 88:3681–85 10. Butcher C, Steinkasserer A, Tejura S, Lennard AC. 1994. Comparison of two promoters controlling expression of secreted or intracellular IL-1 receptor antagonist. J. Immunol. 153:701–11 11. Andersson J, Bjork L, Dinarello CA, Towbin H, Andersson U. 1992. Lipopolysaccharide induces human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1 production in the same cell. Eur. J. Immunol. 22:2617–23 12. Malyak M, Guthridge JM, Freed JF, Hance KR, Dower S, Arend WP. 1997. Characterization of a novel, low molecular weight isoform of IL-1 receptor antagonist.

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